Definitions of commodification

Here is a summary of definitions of commodification.

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BY DEFINITION

Definition:	What is commodified? (unit of analysis)	Discipline(s)	Percentage of articles*
Redefining something in terms of its measurable and extrinsic characteristics instead of its intrinsic and inalienable characteristics (something becomes “object” vs. “subject”)	Language (50%), body/body parts (25%), tourism (25%)	Sociolinguistics (50%), anthropology (25%), tourism (25%)	14.8%
Reducing something to a “routinized, codified product”	Knowledge (100%)	Human resources (100%)	3.7%
Creating or expanding a “commodity culture”	Society (66.7%), childhood (33.3%), police and security (33.3%)	Economic sociology (16.7%), sociology (50%), childhood studies (16.7%), history (16.7%)	22.2%
Something becomes valued for its potential to be exchanged in a market	Tourism (7.7%), education(23.1%), apologies, the past (7.7%), culture (7.7%), nature(46.2%)	Human relations (7.7%), tourism(15.4%), law(15.4%), accounting (7.7%), marketing (7.7%), rural studies (7.7%), cultural anthropology (7.7%), environment and planning (7.7%), philosophy (7.7%), geography (7.7%)	48.1%
Paying for something that used to not be paid for	Care/nurture (100%)	Socio-politics (100%)	7.4%
Something becomes an object of capitalism or becomes subject to a capitalist system (neoliberalism)	Nature (33.3%), biochemical materials and information (33.3%), language (33.3%)	Geography (33.3%), social science of health and medicine (33.3%), sociolinguistics (33.3%)	11.1%
Market power increases compared to state power	Housing in China (100%)	Urban research (100%)	3.7%

*Does not add up to 100% because some articles employed multiple definitions